Ability to tokenize words.
convert_tokens(
x,
path = FALSE,
split_pdf = FALSE,
remove_hyphen = TRUE,
token_function = NULL
)The text of the pdf file. This can be specified directly or the pdftools package is used to read the pdf file from a file path. To use the pdftools, the path argument must be set to TRUE.
An optional path designation for the location of the pdf to be converted to text. The pdftools package is used for this conversion.
TRUE/FALSE indicating whether to split the pdf using white space. This would be most useful with multicolumn pdf files. The split_pdf function attempts to recreate the column layout of the text into a single column starting with the left column and proceeding to the right.
TRUE/FALSE indicating whether hyphenated words should be adjusted to combine onto a single line. Default is TRUE.
This is a function from the tokenizers package. Default is the tokenize_words function.
A list of character vectors containing the tokens. More detail can be found looking at the documentation of the tokenizers package.
file <- system.file('pdf', '1610.00147.pdf', package = 'pdfsearch')
convert_tokens(file, path = TRUE)
#> [[1]]
#> [[1]][[1]]
#> [1] "data" "fusion" "for" "correcting"
#> [5] "measurement" "errors" "tracy" "schifeling"
#> [9] "jerome" "p" "reiter" "maria"
#> [13] "deyoreo" "arxiv" "1610.00147v1" "stat"
#> [17] "me" "1" "oct" "2016"
#> [21] "abstract" "often" "in" "surveys"
#> [25] "key" "items" "are" "subject"
#> [29] "to" "measurement" "errors" "given"
#> [33] "just" "the" "data" "it"
#> [37] "can" "be" "difficult" "to"
#> [41] "determine" "the" "distribution" "of"
#> [45] "this" "error" "process" "and"
#> [49] "hence" "to" "obtain" "accurate"
#> [53] "inferences" "that" "involve" "the"
#> [57] "error" "prone" "variables" "in"
#> [61] "some" "settings" "however" "analysts"
#> [65] "have" "access" "to" "a"
#> [69] "data" "source" "on" "different"
#> [73] "in" "dividuals" "with" "high"
#> [77] "quality" "measurements" "of" "the"
#> [81] "error" "prone" "survey" "items"
#> [85] "we" "present" "a" "data"
#> [89] "fusion" "framework" "for" "leveraging"
#> [93] "this" "information" "to" "improve"
#> [97] "infer" "ences" "in" "the"
#> [101] "error" "prone" "survey" "the"
#> [105] "basic" "idea" "is" "to"
#> [109] "posit" "models" "about" "the"
#> [113] "rates" "at" "which" "individuals"
#> [117] "make" "errors" "coupled" "with"
#> [121] "models" "for" "the" "values"
#> [125] "reported" "when" "errors" "are"
#> [129] "made" "this" "can" "avoid"
#> [133] "the" "unrealistic" "assumption" "of"
#> [137] "conditional" "independence" "typically" "used"
#> [141] "in" "data" "fusion" "we"
#> [145] "apply" "the" "approach" "on"
#> [149] "the" "re" "ported" "values"
#> [153] "of" "educational" "attainments" "in"
#> [157] "the" "american" "community" "survey"
#> [161] "using" "the" "national" "survey"
#> [165] "of" "college" "graduates" "as"
#> [169] "the" "high" "quality" "data"
#> [173] "source" "in" "doing" "so"
#> [177] "we" "account" "for" "the"
#> [181] "informative" "sampling" "design" "used"
#> [185] "to" "select" "the" "national"
#> [189] "survey" "of" "college" "graduates"
#> [193] "we" "also" "present" "a"
#> [197] "process" "for" "assessing" "the"
#> [201] "sensitivity" "of" "various" "analyses"
#> [205] "to" "different" "choices" "for"
#> [209] "the" "measurement" "error" "models"
#> [213] "supplemental" "material" "is" "available"
#> [217] "online" "key" "words" "fusion"
#> [221] "imputation" "measurement" "error" "missing"
#> [225] "survey" "this" "research" "was"
#> [229] "supported" "by" "the" "national"
#> [233] "science" "foundation" "under" "award"
#> [237] "ses" "11" "31897" "the"
#> [241] "authors" "wish" "to" "thank"
#> [245] "seth" "sanders" "for" "his"
#> [249] "input" "on" "informative" "prior"
#> [253] "specifications" "and" "mauricio" "sadinle"
#> [257] "for" "discussion" "that" "improved"
#> [261] "the" "strategy" "for" "accounting"
#> [265] "for" "the" "informative" "sample"
#> [269] "design" "1"
#>
#>
#> [[2]]
#> [[2]][[1]]
#> [1] "1" "introduction" "survey" "data"
#> [5] "often" "contain" "items" "that"
#> [9] "are" "subject" "to" "measurement"
#> [13] "errors" "for" "example" "some"
#> [17] "respondents" "might" "misunderstand" "a"
#> [21] "question" "or" "accidentally" "select"
#> [25] "the" "wrong" "response" "thereby"
#> [29] "providing" "values" "unequal" "to"
#> [33] "their" "factual" "values" "left"
#> [37] "uncorrected" "these" "measurement" "errors"
#> [41] "can" "result" "in" "degraded"
#> [45] "inferences" "kim" "et" "al"
#> [49] "2015" "unfor" "tunately" "the"
#> [53] "distribution" "of" "the" "measurement"
#> [57] "errors" "typically" "is" "not"
#> [61] "estimable" "from" "the" "survey"
#> [65] "data" "alone" "one" "either"
#> [69] "needs" "to" "make" "strong"
#> [73] "assumptions" "about" "the" "measure"
#> [77] "ment" "error" "process" "e"
#> [81] "g" "as" "in" "curran"
#> [85] "and" "hussong" "2009" "or"
#> [89] "leverage" "information" "from" "some"
#> [93] "other" "source" "of" "data"
#> [97] "as" "we" "do" "here"
#> [101] "one" "natural" "source" "of"
#> [105] "information" "is" "a" "validation"
#> [109] "sample" "i" "e" "a"
#> [113] "dataset" "with" "both" "the"
#> [117] "reported" "possibly" "erroneous" "values"
#> [121] "and" "the" "true" "values"
#> [125] "measured" "on" "the" "same"
#> [129] "individuals" "these" "individuals" "could"
#> [133] "be" "a" "subset" "of"
#> [137] "the" "original" "survey" "pepe"
#> [141] "1992" "yucel" "and" "zaslavsky"
#> [145] "2005" "or" "a" "completely"
#> [149] "distinct" "set" "raghunathan" "2006"
#> [153] "schenker" "and" "raghunathan" "2007"
#> [157] "schenker" "et" "al" "2010"
#> [161] "carrig" "et" "al" "2015"
#> [165] "with" "validation" "data" "one"
#> [169] "can" "model" "the" "relationship"
#> [173] "between" "the" "error" "prone"
#> [177] "and" "true" "values" "and"
#> [181] "use" "the" "model" "to"
#> [185] "replace" "the" "error" "prone"
#> [189] "items" "with" "multiply" "imputed"
#> [193] "plausible" "true" "values" "reiter"
#> [197] "2008" "siddique" "et" "al"
#> [201] "2015" "in" "many" "settings"
#> [205] "however" "it" "is" "not"
#> [209] "possible" "to" "obtain" "validation"
#> [213] "samples" "e" "g" "because"
#> [217] "it" "is" "too" "expensive"
#> [221] "or" "because" "someone" "other"
#> [225] "than" "the" "analyst" "collected"
#> [229] "the" "data" "in" "such"
#> [233] "cases" "another" "potential" "source"
#> [237] "of" "information" "is" "a"
#> [241] "separate" "gold" "stan" "dard"
#> [245] "dataset" "that" "includes" "true"
#> [249] "or" "at" "least" "very"
#> [253] "high" "quality" "measurements" "of"
#> [257] "the" "items" "subject" "to"
#> [261] "error" "but" "not" "the"
#> [265] "error" "prone" "measurements" "unlike"
#> [269] "validation" "sam" "ples" "the"
#> [273] "gold" "standard" "dataset" "alone"
#> [277] "does" "not" "provide" "enough"
#> [281] "information" "to" "estimate" "the"
#> [285] "relationship" "between" "the" "error"
#> [289] "prone" "and" "true" "values"
#> [293] "it" "only" "provides" "information"
#> [297] "about" "the" "distribution" "of"
#> [301] "the" "true" "values" "thus"
#> [305] "analysts" "are" "faced" "with"
#> [309] "a" "special" "case" "2"
#>
#>
#> [[3]]
#> [[3]][[1]]
#> [1] "of" "data" "fusion" "rubin"
#> [5] "1986" "moriarity" "and" "scheuren"
#> [9] "2001" "rassler" "2002" "d’orazio"
#> [13] "et" "al" "2006" "reiter"
#> [17] "2012" "fosdick" "et" "al"
#> [21] "2016" "i" "e" "integrating"
#> [25] "information" "from" "two" "databases"
#> [29] "with" "disjoint" "sets" "of"
#> [33] "individuals" "and" "distinct" "variables"
#> [37] "one" "default" "approach" "common"
#> [41] "in" "other" "data" "fusion"
#> [45] "contexts" "is" "to" "assume"
#> [49] "that" "the" "error" "prone"
#> [53] "and" "true" "values" "are"
#> [57] "conditionally" "independent" "given" "some"
#> [61] "set" "of" "variables" "x"
#> [65] "common" "to" "both" "the"
#> [69] "survey" "and" "gold" "standard"
#> [73] "data" "effectively" "this" "involves"
#> [77] "using" "the" "gold" "standard"
#> [81] "data" "to" "estimate" "a"
#> [85] "predictive" "model" "for" "the"
#> [89] "true" "values" "from" "x"
#> [93] "and" "applying" "the" "estimated"
#> [97] "model" "to" "impute" "replacements"
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#> [113] "this" "conditional" "independence" "assumption"
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#> [129] "useful" "information" "for" "example"
#> [133] "consider" "national" "surveys" "that"
#> [137] "ask" "people" "to" "report"
#> [141] "their" "educational" "attainment" "we"
#> [145] "might" "expect" "most" "people"
#> [149] "to" "report" "values" "accurately"
#> [153] "and" "only" "a" "modest"
#> [157] "fraction" "to" "make" "errors"
#> [161] "it" "does" "not" "make"
#> [165] "sense" "to" "alter" "every"
#> [169] "individual’s" "reported" "values" "in"
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#> [185] "this" "article" "we" "develop"
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#> [201] "inferences" "in" "surveys" "subject"
#> [205] "to" "measurement" "errors" "the"
#> [209] "basic" "idea" "is" "to"
#> [213] "encode" "plausible" "assumptions" "about"
#> [217] "the" "error" "process" "e"
#> [221] "g" "most" "people" "do"
#> [225] "not" "make" "errors" "when"
#> [229] "reporting" "educational" "attainments" "and"
#> [233] "the" "reporting" "process" "e"
#> [237] "g" "when" "people" "make"
#> [241] "errors" "they" "are" "more"
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#> [253] "statistical" "models" "we" "couple"
#> [257] "those" "models" "with" "distributions"
#> [261] "for" "the" "un" "derlying"
#> [265] "true" "data" "values" "and"
#> [269] "use" "multiple" "imputation" "to"
#> [273] "create" "plausible" "corrections" "to"
#> [277] "the" "error" "prone" "survey"
#> [281] "values" "which" "then" "can"
#> [285] "be" "analyzed" "using" "the"
#> [289] "methods" "from" "ru" "bin"
#> [293] "1987" "this" "allows" "us"
#> [297] "to" "avoid" "unrealistic" "conditional"
#> [301] "independence" "assumptions" "in" "lieu"
#> [305] "of" "more" "scientifically" "defensible"
#> [309] "models" "the" "remainder" "of"
#> [313] "this" "article" "is" "organized"
#> [317] "as" "follows" "in" "section"
#> [321] "2" "we" "review" "an"
#> [325] "3"
#>
#>
#> [[4]]
#> [[4]][[1]]
#> [1] "example" "of" "misreporting" "of"
#> [5] "educational" "attainment" "in" "data"
#> [9] "collected" "by" "the" "census"
#> [13] "bureau" "so" "as" "to"
#> [17] "motivate" "the" "methodological" "developments"
#> [21] "in" "section" "3" "we"
#> [25] "intro" "duce" "the" "general"
#> [29] "framework" "for" "specifying" "measurement"
#> [33] "error" "models" "to" "leverage"
#> [37] "the" "information" "in" "gold"
#> [41] "standard" "data" "in" "section"
#> [45] "4" "we" "apply" "the"
#> [49] "framework" "to" "handle" "po"
#> [53] "tential" "measurement" "error" "in"
#> [57] "educational" "attainment" "in" "the"
#> [61] "2010" "american" "community" "survey"
#> [65] "acs" "using" "the" "2010"
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#> [73] "graduates" "nscg" "as" "a"
#> [77] "gold" "standard" "file" "in"
#> [81] "doing" "so" "we" "deal"
#> [85] "with" "a" "key" "complication"
#> [89] "in" "the" "data" "integration"
#> [93] "accounting" "for" "the" "informative"
#> [97] "sampling" "design" "used" "to"
#> [101] "sample" "the" "nscg" "we"
#> [105] "also" "demonstrate" "how" "the"
#> [109] "framework" "facilitates" "analysis" "of"
#> [113] "the" "sensitivity" "of" "conclusions"
#> [117] "to" "different" "measurement" "error"
#> [121] "model" "specifications" "in" "section"
#> [125] "5" "we" "provide" "a"
#> [129] "brief" "summary" "2" "misreporting"
#> [133] "in" "educational" "attainment" "to"
#> [137] "illustrate" "the" "potential" "for"
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#> [145] "attainment" "that" "can" "arise"
#> [149] "in" "surveys" "we" "examine"
#> [153] "data" "from" "the" "1993"
#> [157] "nscg" "the" "1993" "nscg"
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#> [169] "long" "form" "that" "they"
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#> [177] "college" "degree" "fesco" "et"
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#> [189] "including" "detailed" "questions" "about"
#> [193] "educational" "histories" "these" "questions"
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#> [249] "linked" "each" "individual" "in"
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#>
#>
#> [[5]]
#> [[5]][[1]]
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#> [6] "of" "reported" "education" "in" "the"
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#> [21] "stands" "for" "bachelor’s" "degree" "ma"
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#> [46] "the" "group" "labeled" "no" "degree"
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#> [61] "51,396" "individuals" "in" "the" "group"
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#> [71] "one" "of" "ba" "ma" "prof"
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#> [81] "subsequent" "analyses" "census" "reported" "education"
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#> [121] "38589" "10996" "8064" "148928" "no"
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#> [166] "highest" "degree" "of" "the" "three"
#> [171] "most" "recent" "degrees" "reported" "coded"
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#>
#>
#> [[6]]
#> [[6]][[1]]
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#> [25] "nscg" "one" "possible" "explanation"
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